Rural vulnerability in China: Evaluation theory and spatial patterns

Rural Energy Patterns in China

This paper looks into the overall energy pattern in rural China and the possible reasons behind based on an assessment of available data sources. Commercial energy consumption by rural residents is disproportionately lower than that by their urban counterparts. Moreover, biological matters are the dominant source of household fuels in rural areas. Variations in energy consumption are closely re...

Poverty and vulnerability in rural China: Effects of taxation

Spatial Patterns and the Regional Differences of Rural Settlements in Jilin Province, China

The spatial patterns of rural settlements are important for understanding the drivers of land use change and the relationship between human activity and environmental processes. It has been suggested that the clustering of houses decreases the negative effects on the environment and promotes the development of the countryside, but few empirical studies have quantified the spatial distribution p...

patterns and variations in native and non-native interlanguage pragmatic rating: effects of rater training, intercultural proficiency, and self-assessment

although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...

Evaluation of quality of life and vulnerability components of elderly women in rural areas Case study: Zanjan city

 Introduction: Increasing the population of the elderly, due to birth defects and improvement in people's health and life expectancy, has increased the need to pay attention to the problems of this group. Also, given the increasing trend of the elderly population in the world, and in particular, the developing countries The development of our country and the accompaniment of the aging phenomeno...